abnormal termination [Open Group 2008]
Abnormal termination occurs when requested by the abort() function or when some signals are received. See also #normal termination.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="80b34adf-4e6d-4061-a099-258e32baa305"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> asynchronous-safe</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
asynchronous-safe [GNU Pth]
A function is asynchronous-safe, or asynchronous-signal safe, if it can be called safely and without side effects from within a signal handler context. That is, it must be able to be interrupted at any point to run linearly out of sequence without causing an inconsistent state. It must also function properly when global data might itself be in an inconsistent state. Some asynchronous-safe operations are listed here:
- call the
signal()function to reinstall a signal handler - unconditionally modify a
volatile sig_atomic_tvariable (as modification to this type is atomic) - call the
_Exit()function to immediately terminate program execution - invoke an asynchronous-safe function, as specified by your implementation
Few functions are portably asynchronous-safe. If a function performs any other operations, it is probably not portably asynchronous-safe.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="c973ded2-1a8b-407f-863c-ea93f874164e"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> availability</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
availability [IEEE Std 610.12 1990]
The degree to which a system or component is operational and accessible when required for use. Often expressed as a probability.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="3b9f0894-6c5d-4103-bd13-d78008a9d424"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> conforming program</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
conforming [ISO/IEC 9899-1999]
Conforming programs may depend on nonportable features of a conforming implementation.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="1aa58ed6-6592-4044-8d61-ddb20e85f5c0"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> data race</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
data race [ISO/IEC Document Number N3000 – Working Draft, Standard for Programming Language C++, November 2009]
The execution of a program contains a data race if it contains two conflicting actions in different threads, at least one of which is not atomic, and neither happens before the other. Any such data race results in undefined behavior.
denial-of-service attack
Also DoS attack. An attempt to make a computer resource unavailable to its intended users.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="b65ce3b7-6bbd-44bf-a739-a0dadcb405b9"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> error tolerance</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
error tolerance [IEEE Std 610.12 1990]
The ability of a system or component to continue normal operation despite the presence of erroneous inputs.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="99eeb3c5-cdbb-4532-91ba-9968ab9ea6b1"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> exploit</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
exploit [Seacord 2005a]
A piece of software or a technique that takes advantage of a security vulnerability to violate an explicit or implicit security policy.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="94927ae1-5f53-46c1-b0e8-ea6bc3bd17e7"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> fail safe</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
fail safe [IEEE Std 610.12 1990]
Pertaining to a system or component that automatically places itself in a safe operating mode in the event of a failure; for example, a traffic light that reverts to blinking red in all directions when normal operation fails.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="617a89ff-ac6e-4676-92bb-bdefb7804c09"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> fail soft</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
fail soft [IEEE Std 610.12 1990]
Pertaining to a system or component that continues to provide partial operational capability in the event of certain failures; for example, a traffic light that continues to alternate between red and green if the yellow light fails.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="627db061-3a4d-4017-9611-97c5c5e6c0c1"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> fault tolerance</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
fault tolerance [IEEE Std 610.12 1990]
The ability of a system or component to continue normal operation despite the presence of hardware or software faults.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="e085b455-26e5-4b1f-b04f-13c80a43a8f5"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> freestanding environment</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
freestanding environment [ISO/IEC 9899-1999]
An environment in which C program execution may take place without any benefit of an operating system. Program startup might occur at some function other than main(), complex types might not be implemented, and only certain minimal library facilities are guaranteed to be available.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="37b273b3-ff6f-4d9d-adb3-51d1c0e13736"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> function-like macro</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
function-like macro [ISO/IEC 9899-1999]
A #define preprocessing directive that defines an identifier immediately followed by zero or more parameters, the ellipsis (...), or a combination of the two, enclosed in parentheses, similar syntactically to a function call. Subsequent instances of the macro name followed by a parenthesized list of arguments in a translation unit are replaced by the replacement list of preprocessing tokens that constitute the remainder of the directive. See also object-like macro and unsafe function-like macro.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="0ee589a4-cff8-4728-8576-78a60a694a5f"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> hosted environment</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
hosted environment [ISO/IEC 9899-1999]
An environment that is not freestanding. Program startup occurs at main(), complex types are implemented, and all C standard library facilities are available.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="6fe249f4-eec3-4735-b49b-9ad4e61c3905"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> implementation</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
implementation [ISO/IEC 9899-1999]
Particular set of software, running in a particular translation environment under particular control options, that performs translation of programs for, and supports execution of functions in, a particular execution environment.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="abe16b79-939f-4f1b-ac21-8f3cf22a1639"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> implementation-defined behavior</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
implementation-defined behavior [ISO/IEC 9899-1999]
Unspecified behavior whereby each implementation documents how the choice is made.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="9bc199ea-796a-4895-805b-9510fc1f0e26"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> incomplete type</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
incomplete type [ISO/IEC 9899-1999]
A type that describes an identifier but lacks information needed to determine the size of the identifier.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="35637414-9e9f-4fe7-8f9d-396eab9b9b7f"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> indeterminate value</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
indeterminate value [ISO/IEC 9899-1999]
Either an unspecified value or a trap representation.
invalid pointer
A pointer that is not a #valid pointer.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="0e5df527-e1e0-4985-8e5f-ae6af5937daa"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> locale-specific behavior</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
locale-specific behavior [ISO/IEC 9899-1999]
Behavior that depends on local conventions of nationality, culture, and language that each implementation documents.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="b1f0c511-ef7e-4029-aab0-d31a17760d09"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> lvalue</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
lvalue [ISO/IEC 9899-1999]
An expression with an object type or an incomplete type other than void. The name lvalue comes originally from the assignment expression E1 = E2, in which the left operand E1 is required to be a (modifiable) lvalue. It is perhaps better considered as representing an object "locator value".
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="d0726891-5a95-4fe0-8303-58175cb1d629"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> mitigation</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
mitigation [Seacord 2005a]
Methods, techniques, processes, tools, or runtime libraries that can prevent or limit exploits against vulnerabilities.
normal termination [Open Group 2008]
Normal termination occurs by a return from main(), when requested with the exit(), _exit(), or _Exit() functions; or when the last thread in the process terminates by returning from its start function, by calling the pthread_exit() function, or through cancellation. See also #abnormal termination.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="f07c0b2e-a3fe-4c1d-8d80-9b9f33c047f7"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> object-like macro</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
object-like macro [ISO/IEC 9899-1999]
A #define preprocessing directive that defines an identifier with no parentheses. Subsequent instances of the macro name in a translation unit are replaced by the replacement list of preprocessing tokens that constitute the remainder of the directive. See also function-like macro.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="99b70b9e-7516-4639-bd8d-c1619f5093b3"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> reentrant</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
reentrant [Dowd 2006]
A function is reentrant if multiple instances of the same function can run in the same address space concurrently without creating the potential for inconsistent states.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="45c1dd93-f0a5-422f-a77d-ac4518d2dbb0"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> reliability</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
reliability [IEEE Std 610.12 1990]
The ability of a system or component to perform its required functions under stated conditions for a specified period of time.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="5b61c100-6b49-468b-94d9-18a4ec6874c7"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> robustness</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
robustness [IEEE Std 610.12 1990]
The degree to which a system or component can function correctly in the presence of invalid inputs or stressful environmental conditions.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="00c5affb-bbf4-40a4-8aa9-4a0c7c378d5f"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> rvalue</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
rvalue [ISO/IEC 9899-1999]
Value of an expression.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="eab8e6b8-bb3c-4649-b706-e850bc6aec24"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> security flaw</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
security flaw [Seacord 2005a]
A software defect that poses a potential security risk.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="ddc7ccfa-0b68-482d-8bdd-1ab685c6b5ac"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> security policy</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
security policy [Internet Society 2000]
A set of rules and practices that specify or regulate how a system or organization provides security services to protect sensitive and critical system resources.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="35261ebb-2f4f-4141-963a-cf555d045f9a"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> sequence point</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
sequence point C99 [ISO/IEC 9899-1999]
Evaluation of an expression may produce side effects. At specific points in the execution sequence called sequence points, all side effects of previous evaluations have completed, and no side effects of subsequent evaluations have yet taken place.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="995d7ad1-5c88-4424-95bf-e2efce27c8e9"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> strictly conforming</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
strictly conforming [ISO/IEC 9899-1999]
A strictly conforming program is one that uses only those features of the language and library specified in the international standard. Strictly conforming programs are intended to be maximally portable among conforming implementations and can't, for example, depend on implementation-defined behavior.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="0f766815-984c-4a96-9d66-b441e7e01ebd"><ac:parameter ac:name="">trap representation</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
trap representation [ISO/IEC 9899-1999]
Object representation that does not represent a value of the object type. Attempting to read the value of an object that has a trap representation other than by an expression that has a character type is undefined . Producing such a representation by a side effect that modifies all or any part of the object other than by an expression that has a character type is undefined.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="3beecfae-b79c-4034-b85a-42151c89b956"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> undefined behavior</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
undefined behavior [ISO/IEC 9899-1999]
Behavior, upon use of a nonportable or erroneous program construct or of erroneous data, for which the standard imposes no requirements. An example of undefined behavior is the behavior on integer overflow.
unsafe function-like macro
A #function-like macro whose expansion causes one or more of its arguments not to be evaluated exactly once.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="11101806-0579-4bdb-9de8-3bbe7cbf6fbe"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> unspecified behavior</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
unspecified behavior [ISO/IEC 9899-1999]
Behavior for which the standard provides two or more possibilities and imposes no further requirements on which is chosen in any instance.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="b50c6595-a26b-4dbb-999f-fefe869afb96"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> unspecified value</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
unspecified value [ISO/IEC 9899-1999]
A valid value of the relevant type where the C Standard imposes no requirements on which value is chosen in any instance. An unspecified value cannot be a trap representation.
valid pointer
A pointer that refers to an element within an array or one past the last element of an array. For the purposes of this definition, a pointer to an object that is not an element of an array behaves the same as a pointer to the first element of an array of length one with the type of the object as its element type. (Cf 6.5.8p3)
For the purposes of this definition, an object can be considered to be an array of a certain number of bytes; that number is the size of the object, as produced by the sizeof operator.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="9b6ce995-55d0-4515-82f2-14a3d6ddcea0"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> validation</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
validation [IEC 61508-4]
Confirmation by examination and provision of objective evidence that the particular requirements for a specific intended use are fulfilled.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="a17f71c7-cd80-40e2-8394-46896abedac3"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> verification</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
verification [IEC 61508-4]
Confirmation by examination and provision of objective evidence that the requirements have been fulfilled.
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="e94bfd7c-7ee1-4aa9-a0a0-7dae707d3fb8"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> vulnerability</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
vulnerability [Seacord 2005a]
A set of conditions that allows an attacker to violate an explicit or implicit security policy.