OBJ34-C. Do not slice polymorphic objects

Copying a polymorphic object by value can easily result in the object being sliced. That is, only part of the information associated with the object is copied, and the remaining information is lost.

Non-Compliant Code Example

This code example is non-compliant because of the unintended data loss.

class Employee {
public:
  Employee(string theName) : name(theName) {};
  string getName() const {return name;}
  virtual void print() const {
    cout << "Employee: " << getName() << endl;
  }
private:
  string name;
};

class Manager : public Employee {
public:
  Manager(string theName, Employee theEmployee) :
    Employee(theName), assistant(theEmployee) {};
  Employee getAssistant() const {return assistant;}
  virtual void print() const {
    cout << "Manager: " << getName() << endl;
    cout << "Assistant: " << assistant.getName() << endl;
  }
private:
  Employee assistant;
};

int main () {
  Employee coder("Joe Smith");
  Employee typist("Bill Jones");
  Manager designer("Jane Doe", typist);

  coder = designer;  // slices Jane Doe!
  coder.print();
}

In this code, class Manager is derived from class Employee and adds additional information, namely the data member assistant. In main, the object designer of class Manager, which contains an assistant data member typist, is copied by value to the object coder of class Employee. This results in the designer object being sliced, and only the Employee information is copied. Hence, the print() statement results in the output:

Employee: Jane Doe

The information about Jane Doe's assistant is lost.

Compliant Solution

Assuming exactly the same class structure as above, if pointers to the objects are used so that objects are copied by reference, then slicing does not occur.

int main () {
  Employee *coder = new Employee("Joe Smith");
  Employee *typist = new Employee("Bill Jones");
  Manager *designer = new Manager("Jane Doe", *typist);

  coder = designer;
  coder.print();
}

Now, the object designer is not sliced, and the output is:

Manager: Jane Doe
Assistant: Bill Jones

Risk Assessment

Slicing results in information being lost, which could lead to a program not working properly and hence to a denial-of-service attack.

References

• ISO/IEC 14882-2003 Section 9, "Classes"
• Sutter 00 GotW #22: "Object Lifetimes - Part I"