The relational and equality operators are left-associative in C. Consequently, C, unlike many other languages, allows chaining of relational and equality operators. The C standard, Section 6.5.8, paragraph 6, footnote 107 [ISO/IEC 9899:2011], says:

The expression a<b<c is not interpreted as in ordinary mathematics. As the syntax indicates, it means (a<b)<c; in other words, "if a is less than b, compare 1 to c; otherwise, compare 0 to c."

These operators are left-associative, which means the leftmost comparison is performed first, and the result is compared with the rightmost comparison. This allows a programmer to write an expression (particularly an expression used as a condition) that can be easily misinterpreted.

Noncompliant Code Example

Although this noncompliant code example compiles correctly, it is unlikely that it means what the author of the code intended.

int a = 2;
int b = 2;
int c = 2;
/* ... */
if (a < b < c) /* misleading, likely bug */
/* ... */
if (a == b == c) /* misleading, likely bug */

The expression a < b < c evaluates to true rather than false, as its author probably intended, and the expression a == b == c evaluates to false rather than true, as its author probably intended.

Compliant Solution

Treat relational and equality operators as if it were invalid to chain them.

if ( (a < b) && (b < c) ) /* clearer, and probably what was intended */
/* ... */
if ( (a == b) && (a == c) ) /* ditto */

Risk Assessment

Incorrect use of relational and equality operators can lead to incorrect control flow.

Automated Detection

Tool	Version	Checker	Description
GCC			Option -Wparentheses warns if a comparison like x<=y<=z appears. This warning is also enabled by -Wall.
ECLAIR		exprprns	Fully implemented.

Related Guidelines

CERT C++ Secure Coding Standard: EXP17-CPP. Treat relational and equality operators as if they were nonassociative

ISO/IEC 9899:2011 Section 6.5.8 "Relational operators"

Bibliography