If a for or while statement uses a loop counter, than it is safer to use an inequality operator to terminate the loop than using an equality operator.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example may appear to have 5 iterations, but in fact, the loop never terminates.

int i;
for (i = 1; i != 10; i += 2 ) {
  /* ... */
}

Compliant Solution

An inequality comparison guarantees loop termination.

int i;
for (i = 1; i <= 10; i += 2 ) {
  /* ... */
}

Noncompliant Code Example

It is also important to ensure termination of loops where the start and end values are variables that might not be properly ordered. The following function assumes that begin < end; if this is not the case, the loop will never terminate.

void f(int begin, int end) {
  int i;
  for (i = begin; i != end; ++i) {
    /* ... */
  }
}

Compliant Solution

Again, an inequality comparison guarantees loop termination. If begin > end the loop never executes its body.

void f(int begin, int end) {
  int i;
  for (i = begin; i < end; ++i) {
    /* ... */
  }
}

Exceptions

MSC21:EX1: If the counter for a loop is 1, and it is known that the starting value of a loop is less than or equal to the ending value, then the equals operator may be used to terminate the loop. Likewise, if the loop counter is -1, and it is known that the starting value of the loop is greater than, or equal to the ending value, then the equals operator may be used to terminate the loop.

int i;
for (i = 1; i == 5; i++) {
  /* ... */
}

Risk Assessment

Testing for exact values runs the risk of a loop terminating much longer than expected, or never terminating at all.

Automated Detection

ROSE can detect violations of this rule.

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Other Languages

This rule appears in the C++ Secure Coding Standard as MSC21-CPP. Use inequality to terminate a loop whose counter changes by more than one.

References

\[[MISRA 04|AA. C References#MISRA 04]\]

      49. Miscellaneous (MSC)