Parenthesize all variable names in macro definitions. See also \[[PRE00-A. Prefer inline functions to macros]\] and \[[PRE02-A. Macro expansion should always be parenthesized for function-like macros]\].

Non-Compliant Code Example

This CUBE() macro definition is non-compliant because it fails to parenthesize the variable names.

#define CUBE(I) (I * I * I)
int a = 81 / CUBE(2 + 1);

As a result, the invocation

int a = 81 / CUBE(2 + 1);

expands to

int a = 81 / (2 + 1 * 2 + 1 * 2 + 1);  /* evaluates to 11 */

Which is clearly not the desired result.

Compliant Solution

Parenthesizing all variable names in the CUBE() macro allows it to expand correctly (when invoked in this manner).

#define CUBE(I) ( (I) * (I) * (I) )
int a = 81 / CUBE(2 + 1);

Non-Compliant Code Example (EOF)

In this example, EOF is defined without parenthesizing the -1. Additionally, the programmer mistakenly omitted the comparison operator from the conditional statement. After macro expansion, the conditional will be incorrectly evaluated as a binary operation: c-1.

#define EOF -1
/* ... */
if (c EOF) {
   /* ... */
}

Note that this example also violates \[[MSC02-A. Avoid errors of omission]\].

Compliant Solution (EOF)

Parenthesizing the -1 in the declaration of EOF does not correct the omission of the comparison operator, but it does ensure the -1 is evaluated as a unary operation.

#define EOF (-1)
/* ... */
if (c EOF) {
   /* ... */
}

The code above will fail compilation as after macro expansion the conditional will evaluate to c(-1). To fully correct this example the error of omission must also be addressed.

#define EOF (-1)
/* ... */
if (c == EOF) {
   /* ... */
}

Risk Assessment

Failing to parenthesize around the variable names within a macro can result in unintended program behavior.

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

References

\[[Summit 05|AA. C References#Summit 05]\] Question 10.1
\[[ISO/IEC 9899-1999|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\] Section 6.10, "Preprocessing directives," and Section 5.1.1, "Translation environment"