The C Standard enumerates several instances in which the behavior of accessing an object or function expanded to be a standard library macro definition is undefined. The macros are assert, errno, math_errhandling, setjmp, va_start, va_arg, va_copy, and va_end. These cases are recorded in Annex J, subclause J.2, items 110, 114, 122, 124, and 138. Programmers should never attempt to access anything underlying any of these macros.

Noncompliant Code Example (assert)

In this example, the standard assert() macro is suppressed in favor of calling a user-defined assert() function.

Suppose the custom <myassert.h> declares a function assert() that does nonstandard verification, and the standard <assert.h> defines an assert macro as required by the standard:

#include <assert.h>
#include "myassert.h"
 
void fullAssert(int e) {
  assert(e > 0); /* Invoke standard library assert() */
  (assert)(e > 0); /*
                    * assert() macro suppressed; calling
                    * function assert().
                    */
}

Having this function and attempting to access it produces undefined behavior.  It is also a violation of DCL37-C. Do not declare or define a reserved identifier.

Compliant Solution (assert)

The programmer should place nonstandard verification in a function that does not conflict with the standard library macro assert—for example, myassert():

#include <assert.h>
#include "myassert.h"
 
void fullAssert(int e) {
  assert(e > 0); /* Standard library assert() */
  myassert(e > 0); /* Well-defined custom assertion function */
}

Noncompliant Code Example (Redefining errno)

Legacy code is apt to include an incorrect declaration, such as the following:

extern int errno;

Compliant Solution (Redefining errno)

The correct way to declare errno is to include the header <errno.h>:

#include <errno.h>

C-conforming implementations are required to declare errno in <errno.h>, although some historic implementations failed to do so.

Risk Assessment

Accessing objects or functions underlying these macros does not produce defined behavior, which may lead to incorrect or unexpected program behavior.

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Related Guidelines