Do not make assumptions about the sign of the resulting value from the remainder % operator.

The meaning of the remainder operator for negative arguments was defined to be implementation defined in 1989 ISO C (and was so in historical K&R implementations), but that was fixed in the 1999 Standard.

Because not all C-compilers are strictly C99-conforming, you can not rely on the behavior of the % operator if you need to run on a wide range of platforms with many different compilers.

According to C99:

The result of the / operator is the quotient from the division of the first operand by the second; the result of the % operator is the remainder. In both operations, if the value of the second operand is zero, the behavior is undefined.

When integers are divided, the result of the / operator is the algebraic quotient with any fractional part discarded. If the quotient a/b is representable, the expression (a/b)*b + a%b shall equal a.

Discarding the fractional part of the remainder is often called "truncation toward zero".

The C99 definition of % operator implies the following behavior:

 17 %  3  ->  2
 17 % -3  ->  2
-17 %  3  -> -2
-17 % -3  -> -2

The result has the same sign as the dividend (the first operand in the expression).

Non-Compliant Coding Example

In this non-compliant example, the insert() function adds values to a buffer in a modulo fashion, that is, by inserting values at the beginning of the buffer once the end is reached. However, both size and index are declared as int and consequently not guaranteed to be positive. Depending on the implementation, and on the sign of size and index, the result of (index + 1) % size may be negative; resulting in a write outside the bounds of the list array.

int insert(int index, int *list, int size, int value) {
  if (size != 0) {
    index = (index + 1) % size;
    list[index] = value;
    return index;
  }
  else {
    return -1;
  }
}

This non-compliant code example also violates \[[INT01-A. Use size_t for all integer values representing the size of an object]\].

Implementation Details

Microsoft Visual Studio

In division where either operand is negative, the direction of truncation is toward 0.

If either operation is negative in division with the remainder operator, the result has the same sign as the dividend (the first operand in the expression). For example:

50 % -6 = 2
-50 % 6 = -2

In each case, 50 and 2 have the same sign.

Sun Studio 10 C 5.7 Compiler

The result is the same sign as the dividend; thus, the remainder of -23/4 is -3.

gcc

GCC always follows the C99 requirement that the result of division is truncated towards zero.

Compliant Solution

To provide a true (never negative) modulo operation, use the imod() ("integer modulo") inline function:

/* modulo function giving non-negative result */
inline int imod(int i, int j) {
  return (i % j) < 0 ? (i % j) + j : i % j;
}

Risk Assessment

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

References

\[[Beebe 05|AA. C References#Beebe 05]\] Nelson H. F. Beebe [Re: Remainder ( % ) operator and GCC|http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-help/2005-11/msg00141.html] 2005.
\[[ISO/IEC 9899-1999|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\] Section 6.5.5, "Multiplicative operators"
\[[Microsoft 07|AA. C References#Microsoft 07]\] [C Multiplicative Operators|http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/efa0csed(VS.80).aspx]
\[[Sun 05|AA. C References#Sun 05]\]  C User's Guide Sun Studio 11 819-3688-10 [http://docs.sun.com/source/819-3688/]. 2005. [Appendix E, "Implementation-Defined ISO/IEC C90 Behavior"|http://docs.sun.com/source/819-3688/c90.implementation.app.html]