UTF-8 is a variable-width encoding for Unicode. UTF-8 uses one to four bytes per character, depending on the Unicode symbol. UTF-8 has the following properties.

• The classical US-ASCII characters (0 to 0x7f) encode as themselves, so files and strings that are encoded with ASCII values have the same encoding under both ASCII and UTF-8.
• All UCS characters beyond (0x7f) are encoded as a multibyte sequence consisting only of bytes in the range of 0x80 to 0xfd. This means that no ASCII byte (including a NULL byte) can appear as part of another character. This property supports the use of string handling functions.
• It's easy to convert between UTF-8 and UCS-2 and UCS-4 fixed-width representations of characters.
• The lexicographic sorting order of UCS-4 strings is preserved.
• All possible 2^31 UCS codes can be encoded using UTF-8.

Generally, programs should validate UTF-8 data before performing other checks. The table below lists all valid UTF-8 sequences.

Although UTF-8 originated from the Plan 9 developers \[[Pike 93|AA. C References#Pike 93]\], Plan 9's own support only covers the low 16-bit range.  In general, many "Unicode" systems only support the low 16-bit range, not the full 31-bit ISO 10646 code space \[[ISO/IEC 10646:2003(E)|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 10646-2003]\].

Security-Related Issues

According to \[[Yergeau 98|AA. C References#Yergeau 98]\]:

Implementors of UTF-8 need to consider the security aspects of how they handle invalid UTF-8 sequences. It is conceivable that in some circumstances an attacker would be able to exploit an incautious UTF-8 parser by sending it an octet sequence that is not permitted by the UTF-8 syntax.

A particularly subtle form of this attack can be carried out against a parser which performs security-critical validity checks against the UTF-8 encoded form of its input, but interprets certain invalid octet sequences as characters. For example, a parser might prohibit the null character when encoded as the single-octet sequence 00, but allow the invalid two-octet sequence C0 80 and interpret it as a null character. Another example might be a parser which prohibits the octet sequence 2F 2E 2E 2F ("/../"), yet permits the invalid octet sequence 2F C0 AE 2E 2F.

Below are more specific recommendations.

Accept Only the "Shortest" Form

Only the "shortest" form of UTF-8 should be permitted. Naive decoders might accept encodings that are longer than necessary, allowing for potentially dangerous input to have multiple representations. For example:

1. Process A performs security checks, but does not check for non-shortest UTF-8 forms.
2. Process B accepts the byte sequence from process A and transforms it into UTF-16 while interpreting possible non-shortest forms.
3. The UTF-16 text may contain characters that should have been filtered out by process A and can potentially be dangerous. These non-"shortest" UTF-8 attacks have been used to bypass security validations in high-profile products, such as Microsoft's IIS web server.

Handling Invalid Inputs

UTF-8 decoders have no uniformly defined behavior upon encountering an invalid input. Below are several ways a UTF-8 decoder might behave in the event of an invalid byte sequence:

1. Insert a replacement character (e.g., "?," the "wild-card" character).
2. Ignore the bytes.
3. Interpret the bytes according to a different character encoding (often the ISO-8859-1 character map).
4. Not notice and decode as if the bytes were some similar bit of UTF-8.
5. Stop decoding and report an error.

The following function from \[[Viega 03|AA. C References#Viega 03]\] detects invalid character sequences in a string but does not reject non-minimal forms. It returns {{1}} if the string is composed only of legitimate sequences; otherwise it returns {{0}}.

int spc_utf8_isvalid(const unsigned char *input) {
  int nb;
  const unsigned char *c = input;

  for (c = input;  *c;  c += (nb + 1)) {
    if (!(*c & 0x80)) nb = 0;
    else if ((*c & 0xc0) == 0x80) return 0;
    else if ((*c & 0xe0) == 0xc0) nb = 1;
    else if ((*c & 0xf0) == 0xe0) nb = 2;
    else if ((*c & 0xf8) == 0xf0) nb = 3;
    else if ((*c & 0xfc) == 0xf8) nb = 4;
    else if ((*c & 0xfe) == 0xfc) nb = 5;
    while (nb-- > 0)
      if ((*(c + nb) & 0xc0) != 0x80) return 0;
  }
  return 1;
}

Broken Surrogates

Encoding of individual or out of order surrogate halves should not be permitted. Broken surrogates are invalid in Unicode and introduce ambiguity when they appear in Unicode data. Broken surrogates are often signs of bad data transmission. They can also indicate internal bugs in an application or intentional efforts to find security vulnerabilities.

Risk Assessment

Failing to properly handle UTF8-encoded data can result in a data integrity violation or denial-of-service attack.

Automated Detection

The LDRA tool suite V 7.6.0 can detect violations of this recommendation.

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

References

\[[ISO/IEC 10646:2003|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 10646-2003]\]
\[[ISO/IEC PDTR 24772|AA. C References#ISO/IEC PDTR 24772]\] "AJN Choice of Filenames and other External Identifiers"
\[[Kuhn 06|AA. C References#Kuhn 06]\]
\[[Pike 93|AA. C References#Pike 93]\]
\[[Viega 03|AA. C References#Viega 03]\] Section 3.12, "Detecting Illegal UTF-8 Characters"
\[[Wheeler 03|AA. C References#Wheeler 03]\]
\[[Yergeau 98|AA. C References#Yergeau 98]\]

MSC09-C. Character Encoding - Use Subset of ASCII for Safety      13. Miscellaneous (MSC)