Programmers sometimes misconstrue that declaring a variable final makes the referenced object immutable. If the variable is a primitive type, declaring it final means that its value cannot be changed after initialization (other than through the use of the unsupported sun.misc.Unsafe class).

However, if the variable refers to a mutable object, the object's members that appear to be immutable, may in fact be mutable. Similarly, a final method parameter obtains a copy of the object reference through pass-by-value but the referenced data remains mutable.

According to the Java Language Specification \[[JLS 05|AA. Java References#JLS 05]\], section 4.12.4 "{{final}} Variables":

... if a final variable holds a reference to an array, then the components of the array may be changed by operations on the array, but the variable will always refer to the same array.

Noncompliant Code Example (mutable class, final reference)

In this noncompliant code example, the values of instance fields x and y can be changed even after their initialization despite the point instance being declared as final.

class Point {
  private int x;
  private int y;

  Point(int x, int y){
    this.x = x;
    this.y = y;
  }
  void set_xy(int x, int y){
    this.x = x;
    this.y = y;
  }
  void print_xy(){
    System.out.println("the value x is: " + this.x);
    System.out.println("the value y is: " + this.y);
  }
}

public class PointCaller {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    final Point point = new Point(1, 2);
    point.print_xy();

    // change the value of x, y
    point.set_xy(5, 6);
    point.print_xy();
  }
}

When an object reference is declared final, it only signifies that the reference cannot be changed, whereas the referenced contents can still be altered.

Compliant Solution (final fields)

If x and y must remain immutable after their initialization, they should be declared as final. However, this requires the elimination of the setter method set_xy().

class Point {
  private final int x;
  private final int y;

  Point(int x, int y){
    this.x = x;
    this.y = y;
  }
  void print_xy(){
    System.out.println("the value x is: " + this.x);
    System.out.println("the value y is: " + this.y);
  }
}

Compliant Solution (provide copy functionality)

This compliant solution provides a clone() method in the final class Point and does not require the elimination of the setter method.

final public class Point implements Cloneable {
  private int x;
  private int y;

  Point(int x, int y){
    this.x = x;
    this.y = y;
  }
  void set_xy(int x, int y){
    this.x = x;
    this.y = y;
  }
  void print_xy(){
    System.out.println("the value x is: "+ this.x);
    System.out.println("the value y is: "+ this.y);
  }
  public Point clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException{
    Point cloned = (Point) super.clone();
    cloned.x = this.x;
    cloned.y = this.y;
    return cloned;
  }
}

public class PointCaller {
  public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException {
    final Point point = new Point(1, 2);
    point.print_xy();
    
    // Get the copy of original object
    Point pointCopy = point.clone();

    // Change the value of x,y of the copy.
    pointCopy.set_xy(5, 6);

    // Original value remains unchanged
    point.print_xy();
  }
}

The clone() method returns a copy of the original object and reflects its latest state. This new object can be freely used without exposing the original object. Using the clone() method allows the class to remain mutable. (OBJ10-J. Provide mutable classes with copy functionality to allow passing instances to untrusted code safely)

The Point class is declared final to prevent subclasses from overriding the clone() method. This enables the class to be suitably used without any inadvertent modifications of the original object. This compliant solution complies with OBJ10-J. Provide mutable classes with copy functionality to allow passing instances to untrusted code safely.

Noncompliant Code Example (arrays)

This noncompliant code example uses a public static final array, items.

public static final String[] items = { ... };

Clients can trivially modify the contents of the array, though they are unable to change the array reference because it is final.

Compliant Solution (clone the array)

This compliant solution defines a private array and a public method that returns a copy of the array.

private static final String[] items = { ... };

public static final String[] somethings() {
  return items.clone();
}

As a result, the original array values cannot be modified by a client. Note that sometimes, a manual deep copy may be required when dealing with arrays of objects. This generally happens when the objects do not export a clone() method. Refer to FIO00-J. Defensively copy mutable inputs and mutable internal components for more information.

Compliant Solution (unmodifiable wrappers)

This compliant solution declares a private array from which a public immutable list is constructed.

private static final String[] items = { ... };

public static final List<String> itemsList =
Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList(items));

Neither the original array values nor the public list can be modified by a client. For more details about unmodifiable wrappers, refer to SEC14-J. Provide sensitive mutable classes with unmodifiable wrappers.

Risk Assessment

Using final to declare the reference to a mutable object is potentially misleading because the contents of the object can still be changed.

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

References

\[[JLS 05|AA. Java References#JLS 05]\] Sections 4.12.4 "final Variables" and 6.6, "Access Control"
\[[Bloch 08|AA. Java References#Bloch 08]\] Item 13: Minimize the accessibility of classes and members
\[[Core Java 04|AA. Java References#Core Java 04]\] Chapter 6
\[[MITRE 09|AA. Java References#MITRE 09]\] [CWE ID 607|http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/607.html] "Public Static Final Field References Mutable Object"

OBJ00-J. Declare data members as private and provide accessible wrapper methods      08. Object Orientation (OBJ)      OBJ02-J. Do not ignore return values of methods that operate on immutable objects