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| CERT C Secure Coding Standard | WIN03-C. Understand HANDLE inheritance |
| CERT C++ Secure Coding Standard | FIO42FIO51-CPP. Ensure Close files are properly closed when they are no longer needed |
| CERT Oracle Secure Coding Standard for Java | FIO04-J. Release resources when they are no longer needed |
| MITRE CWE | CWE-403, UNIX file descriptor leak CWE-404, Improper resource shutdown or release CWE-770, Allocation of resources without limits or throttling |
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| [Dowd 2006] | Chapter 10, "UNIX Processes" ("File Descriptor Leaks," pp. 582–587) |
| [IEEE Std 1003.1:2013] | XSH, System Interfaces, open |
| [MSDN] | Inheritance (Windows) |
| [NAI 1998] |
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