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The enhanced for statement introduced in Java 1.5, commonly referred to as the for-each idiom, is primarily used for iterating over collections of objects. While similar to the for statement, this idiom cannot be used to assign values to the loop variableassignments to the loop variable do not modify the collection of objects over which the loop iterates. Assignments to the loop variable may not have the effect intended by the developer and should be avoided.

In more detail, according to the JLS an enhanced for statement of the form:

for (ObjType obj : someIterableItem) { 
  ...
}

is equivalent to a standard for loop of the form:

for (Iterator myIterator = someIterableItem.iterator(); iterator.hasNext();) {
  ObjType obj = myIterator.next();
  ...
}

Therefore, an assignment to the loop variable is equivalent to modifying a variable local to the loop body whose initial value is the collection item referred to by the loop iterator. While this modification is not necessarily erroneous, it may obscure the loop functionality or indicate a misunderstanding of the underlying implementation of the enhanced for statement.

It is recommended that all enhanced for statement loop variables be declared final. The final declaration will cause the Java compiler to flag and reject any assignments made to the loop variable in the loop body.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant example attempts to initialize a Character array using an enhanced for loop. However, because assignments to the loop variable cannot be assigned toto not modify the collection or array over which the loop is iterating, the array is not suitably initialized.

Character[] array = new Character[10];
for(Character c: array) 
  c = 'x'; // initialization attempt

for(int i=0;i<array.length;i++) 
  System.out.print(array[i]);  // prints 10 "null"s

Note that if c was declared final in the noncompliant code example the Java compiler would issue a compilation error regarding the "c = 'x'; statement.

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution correctly initializes the array using a for loop.

Character[] array = new Character[10];
for(int i=0;i<array.length;i++) 
  array[i] = 'x';

for(int i=0;i<array.length;i++final Character c: array) 
  System.out.print(array[i]c);  // prints 10 "x"s

Risk Assessment

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