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Wiki MarkupThe C99 {{The C fopen()}} function is used to open an existing file or create a new one \[[ISO/IEC 9899:1999|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\]. However, {{fopen()}} does not indicate if an existing file has been opened for writing or a new file has been created. This may lead to a program overwriting or accessing an unintended file.

For examples on how to just check for the existence of a file without actually opening it, please see FIO10-A. Take care when using the rename() function.

Non-Compliant Code Example: fopen()

. The C11 version of the fopen() function provides a mode flag, x, that provides the mechanism needed to determine if the file that is to be opened exists. Not using this mode flag can lead to a program overwriting or accessing an unintended file.

Noncompliant Code Example (fopen())

In this noncompliant code example, the file referenced by file_name is opened for writing. This example is noncompliant if the programmer's intent was to create a new file, but the referenced file already existsIn this example, an attempt is made to check whether a file exists before opening it for writing by trying to open the file for reading.

char *file_name;
FILE *fp;

/* initializeInitialize file_name */

fp = fopen(file_name, "rw");
if (!fp) { /* file does not exist */
  fp = fopen(file_name,"w");
  /* ... */
  fclose(fp);
} else {
   /* fileHandle existserror */
  fclose(fp);
}

However, this code suffers from a _Time of Check, Time of Use_ (or _TOCTOU_) vulnerability (see \[[Seacord 05|AA. C References#Seacord 05]\] Section 7.2).  On a shared multitasking system there is a window of opportunity between the first call of {{fopen()}} and the second call for a malicious attacker to, for example, create a link with the given file name to an existing file so that the existing file is overwritten by the second call of {{fopen()}} and the subsequent writing to the file.

Non-Compliant Code Example: fopen_s() (ISO/IEC TR 24731-1)

The fopen_s() function defined in ISO/IEC TR 24731-1:2007 is designed to improve the security of the fopen() function. However, like fopen(), fopen_s() provides no mechanism to determine if an existing file has been opened for writing or a new file has been created. The code below contains the same TOCTOU race condition as the first non-compliant code example using fopen().

Compliant Solution (fopen("x"), C11)

Starting in C11 a new mode suffix ("x") was added to the fopen() function which causes fopen() to return NULL if the file already exists or cannot be created [ISO/IEC 9899:2011].

char *file_name;
FILE *fp;

/* initializeInitialize file_name */

errno_t resfp = fopen_s(&fp, file_name, "rwx");
if (res != 0fp) { /* file does not exist */
  res = fopen_s(&fp, file_name, "w");
  /* Handle ...error */
  fclose(fp);
} else {
  fclose(fp);
}

Compliant Solution

...

(open()

...

, POSIX)

Wiki MarkupThe {{open()}} function , as defined in the Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6 \[[Open Group 04|AA. C References#Open Group 04]\] is available on many platforms and provides the control that {{fopen()}} does not provide. If the {{O_CREAT}} and {{O_EXCL}} flags are used together, the {{open()}} function fails if the file specified by {{file_name}} already the Standard for Information Technology—Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX®), Base Specifications, Issue 7 [IEEE Std 1003.1:2013], is available on many platforms and provides finer control than fopen(). In particular, open() accepts the O_CREAT and O_EXCL flags. When used together, these flags instruct the open() function to fail if the file specified by file_name already exists.

char *file_name;
int new_file_mode;

/* initializeInitialize file_name and new_file_mode */

int fd = open(file_name, O_CREAT | O_EXCL | O_WRONLY, new_file_mode);
if (fd == -1) {
  /* Handle Errorerror */
}

...

Care should be observed taken when using {{O_EXCL}} with remote file systems as because it does not work with NFS version 2. NFS version 3 added support for {{O_EXCL}} mode in {{open()}}. IETF RFC 1813 [Callaghan 1995] defines the {{EXCLUSIVE}} value to the {{mode}} argument of {{CREATE}} \[[Callaghan 95|AA. C References#Callaghan 95]\]. CREATE:

EXCLUSIVE specifies that the server is to follow exclusive creation semantics, using the verifier to ensure exclusive creation of the target. No attributes may be provided in this case, since the server may use the target file metadata to store the createverf3 verifier.

Compliant Solution: fopen() (GNU)

Section 12.3 of the GNU C Library says: \[[Loosemore 07|AA. C References#Loosemore 07]\]

The GNU C library defines one additional character for use in opentype: the character 'x' insists on creating a new file—if a file filename already exists, fopen fails rather than opening it. If you use 'x' you are guaranteed that you will not clobber an existing file. This is equivalent to the O_EXCL option to the open function.

char *file_name;

/* initialize file_name */

FILE *fp = fopen(file_name,"wx");
if (!fp) {
  /* Handle Error */
}

Use of this non portable extension can allow for easy remediation of legacy code.

Compliant Solution: fdopen() (POSIX)

For code that operates on {{FILE}} pointers and not file descriptors, the POSIX {{fdopen()}} function can be used to associate an open stream with the file descriptor returned by {{open()}}, as shown in this compliant solution \[[Open Group 04|AA. C References#Open Group 04]\].

For examples of how to check for the existence of a file without opening it, see recommendation FIO10-C. Take care when using the rename() function.

Compliant Solution (fdopen(), POSIX)

For code that operates on FILE pointers and not file descriptors, the POSIX fdopen() function can be used to associate an open stream with the file descriptor returned by open(), as shown in this compliant solution [IEEE Std 1003.1:2013]:

char *file_name;
int new_file_mode;
FILE *fp;
int fd;

/* initializeInitialize file_name and new_file_mode */

fd = open(file_name, O_CREAT | O_EXCL | O_WRONLY, new_file_mode);
if (fd == -1) {
  /* Handle Errorerror */
}

fp = fdopen(fd, "w");
if (fp == NULL) {
  /* Handle Errorerror */
}

Compliant Solution (Windows)

The Win32 API  CreateFile() allows a programmer to create or open a file depending on the flags passed in. Passing in the CREATE_NEW flag ensures the call fails if the file already exists. This compliant solution demonstrates how to open a file for reading and writing without sharing access to the file such that the call fails if the file already exists.

TCHAR *file_name;
HANDLE hFile = CreateFile(file_name, GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE, 0, 0, 
                          CREATE_NEW, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, 0);
if (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == hFile) {
  DWORD err = GetLastError();
  if (ERROR_FILE_EXISTS == err) {
    /* Handle file exists error */
  } else {
    /* Handle other error */
  }
}

Risk Assessment

The ability to determine if whether an existing file has been opened or a new file has been created provides greater assurance that the intended file is accessed, or perhaps more importantly, a file other than the intended file is not acted upon.

Automated Detection

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

References

\[[ISO/IEC 9899:1999|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\] Section 7.19.3, "Files," and Section 7.19.4, "Operations on Files"
\[[ISO/IEC TR 24731-1:2007|AA. C References#SO/IEC TR 24731-1-2007]\] Section 6.5.2.1, "The {{fopen_s}} function"
\[[Loosemore 07|AA. C References#Loosemore 07]\] [Section 12.3, "Opening Streams"|http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Opening-Streams.html]
\[[Open Group 04|AA. C References#Open Group 04]\]
\[[Seacord 05|AA. C References#Seacord 05]\] Chapter 7, "File I/O"

Related Guidelines

Bibliography

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Image Added Image Added Image Added FIO02-A. Canonicalize path names originating from untrusted sources       09. Input Output (FIO)       FIO04-A. Detect and handle input and output errors