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According to the C Standard, 3.8 [ISO/IEC 9899:2011], a constraint is a "restriction, either syntactic or semantic, by which the exposition of language elements is to be interpreted."  Despite the similarity of the terms, a runtime constraint is not a kind of constraint.

Violating any shall statement within a Constraint constraint clause in the C standard Standard requires an implementation to issue a diagnostic message, the C Standard, 5.1.1.3 [ISO/IEC 9899:2011] states:

A conforming implementation shall produce at least one diagnostic message (identified in an implementation-defined manner) if a preprocessing translation unit or translation unit contains a violation of any syntax rule or constraint, even if the behavior is also explicitly specified as undefined or implementation-defined. Diagnostic messages need not be produced in other circumstances.

The Standard goes on to explain C Standard further explains in a footnote:

The intent is that an implementation should identify the nature of, and where possible localize, each violation. Of course, an implementation is free to produce any number of diagnostics as long as a valid program is still correctly translated. It may also successfully translate an invalid program.

Any constraint violation is a violation of this rule because it can result in an invalid program.

Noncompliant Code Example (

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Inline, Internal Linkage)

The Constraints clause in C Standard, 6.7.4, paragraph 3 [ISO/IEC 9899:2011], states:

An inline definition of a function with external linkage shall not contain a definition of a modifiable object with static or thread storage duration, and shall not contain a reference to an identifier with internal linkage.

The motivation behind this constraint lies in the semantics of inline definitions. Paragraph 7 of subclause 6.7.4 reads, in part:

An inline definition provides an alternative to an external definition, which a translator may use to implement any call to the function in the same translation unit. It is unspecified whether a call to the function uses the inline definition or the external definition.

That is, if a function has an external and inline definition, implementations are free to choose which definition to invoke (two distinct invocations of the function may call different definitions, one the external definition, the other the inline definition). Therefore, issues can arise when these definitions reference internally linked objects , or mutable objects with static or thread storage duration.

This noncompliant code example refers to a file scope static variable with file scope and internal linkage from within an external inline function:

static int I = 12;
extern inline void func(int a) {
  int b = a * I;
  /* ... */
}

Compliant Solution (

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Inline, Internal Linkage)

This compliant solution omits the static qualifier;  consequently,  the variable I has external linkage by default.:

int I = 12;
extern inline void func(int a) {
  int b = a * I;
  /* ... */
}

...

extern inline void func(void) {
  static int I = 12;
  /* Perform calculations which may modify I */
}

Compliant Solution (

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Inline, Modifiable Static)

This compliant solution removes the static keyword from the local variable definition. If the modifications to I must be retained between invocations of func(), it must be declared at file scope so that it will be defined with external linkage.

extern inline void func(void) {
  int I = 12;
  /* Perform calculations which may modify I */
}

Noncompliant Code Example (

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Inline, Modifiable static)

This noncompliant code example includes two translation units: file1.c and file2.c. The first file, file1.c, defines a random pseudorandom number generation function:

/* file1.c */

/* Externally linked definition of the function get_random() */
extern unsigned int get_random(void) {
  /* Initialize the seeds */
  static unsigned int m_z = 0xdeadbeef;
  static unsigned int m_w = 0xbaddecaf;

  /* Compute the next randompseudorandom value and update the seeds */
  m_z = 36969 * (m_z & 65535) + (m_z >> 16);
  m_w = 18000 * (m_w & 65535) + (m_w >> 16);
  return (m_z << 16) + m_w;
}

 The left-shift operation in the last line may wrap, but this is permitted by exception INT30-C-EX3 to rule INT30-C. Ensure that unsigned integer operations do not wrap.

The second file, file2.c, defines an inline version of this function that references mutable static objects objects—namely, namely objects that maintain the state of the random pseudorandom number generator. Separate invocations of the get_random() function might can call different definitions, each operating on separate static objects, resulting in a faulty random pseudorandom number generator. 

/* file2.c */

/* Inline definition of get_random function */
inline unsigned int get_random(void) {
  /* 
   * Initialize the seeds 
    * Constraint violation: static duration storage referenced
   *  in non-static inline definition
   */
  static unsigned int m_z = 0xdeadbeef;
  static unsigned int m_w = 0xbaddecaf;

  /* Compute the next randompseudorandom value and update the seeds */
  m_z = 36969 * (m_z & 65535) + (m_z >> 16);
  m_w = 18000 * (m_w & 65535) + (m_w >> 16);
  return (m_z << 16) + m_w;
}

int main(void) {
  unsigned int rand_no;
  for (int ii = 0; ii < 100; ii++) {
    /* 
     * Get a randompseudorandom number.  Implementation defined whether the
     * inline definition in this file or the external definition  
     * in file2.c is called. 
     */
    rand_no = get_random();
    /* Use rand_no... */
  }

  /* ... */

  /* 
   * Get another randompseudorandom number. Behavior is
   * implementation defined.
   */
  rand_no = get_random();
  /* Use rand_no... */
  return 0;
}

Compliant Solution (

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Inline, Modifiable static)

This compliant solution adds the static modifier to the inline function definition in file2.c, giving it internal linkage.   All references to get_random() in file.2.c will now reference the internally linked definition.

...

...

The first file, which was not changed, is not shown here.

/* file2.c */

/* Static inline definition of get_random function */
static inline unsigned int get_random(void) {
  /* 
   * Initialize the seeds. 
   * No more constraint violation,; ourthe inline function is now 
   * internally linked. 
   */
  static unsigned int m_z = 0xdeadbeef;
  static unsigned int m_w = 0xbaddecaf;

  /* Compute the next randompseudorandom value and update the seeds  */
  m_z = 36969 * (m_z & 65535) + (m_z >> 16);
  m_w = 18000 * (m_w & 65535) + (m_w >> 16);
  return (m_z << 16) + m_w;
}

int main(void) {
  /* Generate randompseudorandom numbers using get_random()... */
  return 0;
}

...

Constraint violations are a very broad category of error that can result in unexpected control flow and corrupted data.

Automated Detection

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Bibliography

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