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UTF-8 is a variable-width encoding for Unicode. UTF-8 uses one 1 to four 4 bytes per character, depending on the Unicode symbol. UTF-8 has the following properties.:

• The classical US-ASCII characters (0 to 0x7f) encode as themselves, so files and strings that are encoded with ASCII values have the same encoding under both ASCII and UTF-8.All UCS characters beyond (0x7f) are encoded as a multibyte sequence consisting only of bytes in the range of 0x80 to 0xfd. This means that no ASCII byte (including a null byte) can appear as part of another character. This property supports the use of string handling functions.
• It 's is easy to convert between UTF-8 and UCS-2 and UCS-4 fixed-width representations of characters.
• The lexicographic sorting order of UCS-4 strings is preserved.
• All possible 2^31 2^21 UCS codes can be encoded using UTF-8.

Generally, all programs should perform checks for any validate UTF-8 data for UTF-8 validity before performing other checks. The following table below lists all valid lists the well-formed UTF-8 Sequences.

Although UTF-8 originated from the Plan 9 developers \[[Pike 93]\], Plan 9's own support only covers the low 16-bit range.  In general, many "Unicode" systems only support the low 16-bit range, not the full 31-bit ISO 10646 code space \[ISO/IEC 10646:2003(E)\].

Security Related Issues

byte sequences.

Although UTF-8 originated from the Plan 9 developers [Pike 1993], Plan 9's own support covers only the low 16-bit range. In general, many "Unicode" systems support only the low 16-bit range, not the full 21-bit ISO 10646 code space [ISO/IEC 10646:2012].

Security-Related Issues

According to RFC 2279: UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646 [Yergeau 1998], Wiki MarkupAccording to \[[Yergeau 98|AA. C References#Yergeau 98]\]:

Implementors of UTF-8 need to consider the security aspects of how they handle invalid UTF-8 sequences. It is conceivable that, in some circumstances, an attacker would be able to exploit an incautious UTF-8 parser by sending it an octet sequence that is not permitted by the UTF-8 syntax.

A particularly subtle form of this attack could can be carried out against a parser which that performs security-critical validity checks against the UTF-8 encoded form of its input, but interprets certain invalid octet sequences as characters. For example, a parser might prohibit the null character when encoded as the single-octet sequence 00, but allow the invalid two-octet sequence C0 80 and interpret it as a null character. Another example might be a parser which prohibits the octet sequence 2F 2E 2E 2F ("/../"), yet permits the invalid octet sequence 2F C0 AE 2E 2F.

Below Following are more specific recommendations.

Accept Only

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the Shortest Form

Only the "shortest" form of UTF-8 should be permitted. Naive decoders might accept encoding encodings that are longer than necessary, allowing for potentially dangerous input to have multiple representations. For example:,

1. Process A performs security checks , but does not check for non-shortest nonshortest UTF-8 forms.
2. Process B accepts the byte sequence from process A , and transform transforms it into UTF-16 while interpreting possible non-shortest nonshortest forms.
3. The UTF-16 text may then contain characters that should have been filtered out by process A , and could can potentially be dangerous. These

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1. "

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1. nonshortest" UTF-8 attacks have been used to bypass security validations in high-profile products, such as Microsoft's IIS

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1. Web server.

Corrigendum #1: UTF-8 Shortest Form to the Unicode Standard [Unicode 2006] describes modifications made to version 3.0 of the Unicode Standard to forbid the interpretation of the nonshortest forms.

Handling Invalid Inputs

UTF-8 decoders have no uniformly defined behavior upon encountering an invalid input. Below Following are several ways a UTF-8 decoder might behave in the event of an invalid byte sequence:. Note that implementing these behaviors requires careful security considerations. 

1. Substitute for the replacement character "U+FFFD" or the wildcard character such as "?" when U+FFFD is not available.
2. Ignore the bytes (for example, delete the invalid byte before the validation process; see "Unicode Technical Report #36, 3.5 Deletion of Code Points" for more information)
3. Insert a replacement character (e.g. '?', the "wild-card" character)
4. Ignore the bytes.
5. Interpret the bytes according to a different character encoding (often the ISO-8859-1 character map; other encoding, such as Shift_JIS, is known to trigger self-XSS, and so is potentially dangerous).
6. Not notice and Fail to notice but decode as if the bytes were some similar bit of UTF-8.
7. Stop decoding and report an error.

Wiki MarkupThe following function from \[[Viega 03|AA. C References#Viega 03]\] will detect invalid character sequences in a string but will not reject non-minimal forms. It returns {{1}} if the string is comprised only of legitimate sequences; else it returns {{0}}.from John Viega's "Protecting Sensitive Data in Memory" [Viega 2003] detects invalid character sequences in a string but does not reject nonminimal forms. It returns 1 if the string is composed only of legitimate sequences; otherwise, it returns 0.

int spc_utf8_isvalid(const unsigned char *input) {
  int nb;
  const unsigned char *c = input;

  for (c = input;  *c;  c += (nb + 1)) {
    if (!(*c & 0x80)) nb = 0;
    else if ((*c & 0xc0) == 0x80) return 0;
    else if ((*c & 0xe0) == 0xc0) nb = 1;
    else if ((*c & 0xf0) == 0xe0) nb = 2;
    else if ((*c & 0xf8) == 0xf0) nb = 3;
    else if ((*c & 0xfc) == 0xf8) nb = 4;
    else if ((*c & 0xfe) == 0xfc) nb = 5;
    while (nb-- > 0)
      if ((*(c + nb) & 0xc0) != 0x80) return 0;
  }
  return 1;
}

Broken Surrogates

Encoding of individual or out-of-order surrogate halves should not be permitted. Broken surrogates are invalid in Unicode , and introduce ambiguity when they appear in Unicode data. Broken surrogates are often signs of bad data transmission. They could can also indicate internal bugs in an application , or intentional efforts to find security vulnerabilities.

Risk Assessment

Failing to properly handle UTF8-encoded data can result in a data integrity violation or denial-of-service situationattack.

Automated Detection

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Tool	Version	Checker	Description
LDRA tool suite

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Include Page LDRA_V LDRA_V

176 S, 376 S

Partially implemented

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Reference

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Related Guidelines

Bibliography

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Image Added Image Added Image Added2003(E)\] Information technology - Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS), First Edition. December, 2003. \[[Kuhn 06|AA. C References#Kuhn 06]\] UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ for Unix/Linux \[[Pike 93]\] Rob Pike, Ken Thompson. _Hello World_. USENIX Winter 1993 Technical Conference, San Diego, January 25-29, 1993, Proceedings, pp. 43-50. \[[Viega 03|AA. C References#Viega 03]\] Section 3.12. "Detecting Illegal UTF-8 Characters" \[[Wheeler 06|AA. C References#Wheeler 06]\] Secure Programming for Linux and Unix HOWTO \[[Yergeau 98|AA. C References#Yergeau 98]\] RFC 2279 - UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646MSC09-A. Character Encoding - Use Subset of ASCII for Safety      14. Miscellaneous (MSC)       MSC11-A. Incorporate diagnostic tests using assertions