Page History

Two consecutive question marks signify the start of a trigraph sequence. Wiki Markup According to the C99 Standard \[[C Standard, subclause 5.2.1.1 [ISO/IEC 9899:1999|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\]:2011],

All occurrences in a source file of the following sequences of three characters (that is, trigraph sequences) are replaced with the corresponding single character.

??=	#		??)	]		??!	|

<ac:structured-macro ac:name="unmigrated-wiki-markup" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="768bef08-2d13-4b10-b3f4-d22920997e7c"><ac:plain-text-body><![CDATA[

??(	[		??'	^		??>	}

]]></ac:plain-text-body></ac:structured-macro>

??/	\		??<	{		??-	~

...

Noncompliant Code Example

In this noncompliant code example, a++ is not executed , because the trigraph sequence ??/ is replaced by \, logically putting a++ on the same line as the comment.:

// whatWhat is the value of a now??/
a++;

Compliant Solution

The following This compliant solution eliminates the accidental introduction of the trigraph by separating the ?'squestion marks:

// whatWhat is the value of a now? ?/
a++;

...

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example includes the trigraph sequence ??!, which is replaced by the character |.:

size_t i;
 = /* assignmentSome ofinitial ivalue */;
if (i > 9000) {
   if (puts("Over 9000!??!") == EOF) {
     /* Handle Errorerror */
   }
}

This example prints Over 9000!| if a C99C-compliant compiler is used.

Compliant Solution

The This compliant solution uses string concatenation to concatenate the two question marks; otherwise, they are interpreted as beginning a trigraph sequence.:

size_t i = /* Some initial value */;
/* assignmentAssignment of i */
if (i > 9000) {
   if (puts("Over 9000!?""?!") == EOF) {
     /* Handle Errorerror */
   }
}

The above code This code prints Over 9000!??!, as intended.

Risk Assessment

Inadvertent trigraphs can result in unexpected behavior. Some compilers provide options to warn when trigraphs are encountered , or to disable trigraph expansion. Use the warning options, and ensure your code compiles cleanly. (see See MSC00-C. Compile cleanly at high warning levels.).

Automated Detection

GCC provides a -Wtrigraphs option that warns when trigraphs are used. GCC also provides a --no-trigraph option that is enabled by default.

The LDRA tool suite V 7.6.0 can detect violations of this recommendation.

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

References

...

Related Guidelines

Bibliography

...

...

Image Added Image Added sequences" \[[MISRA 04|AA. C References#MISRA 04]\] Rule 4.2PRE06-A. Enclose header files in an inclusion guard      01. Preprocessor (PRE)       Image Modified