Page History

Using integer arithmetic to calculate a value for assignment to a floating-point variable may lead to loss of information. This problem can be avoided by converting one of the integers in the expression to a floating type.

When converting integers to floating-point values, and vice versa, it is important to carry out proper range checks to avoid undefined behavior (see FLP34-C. Ensure that floating-point conversions are within range of the new type).

Noncompliant Code Example

In this noncompliant code example, the division and multiplication operations take place on integers and are then converted to floating point. This causes  Consequently, floating-point variables d, e, and f to  are not be initialized correctly because the operations take place before the values are converted to floating-point values. The results are truncated to the nearest integer or may overflow.

void func(void) {
  short a = 533;
  int b = 6789;
  long c = 466438237;

  float d = a / 7; /* d is 76.0 */
  double e = b / 30; /* e is 226.0 */
  double f = c * 789; /*  f may be negative due to overflow */
}

Compliant Solution (Floating-Point Literal)

In this compliant solution, the decimal error in initialization is eliminated by ensuring that at least one of the operands to the division operation is floating point.:

void func(void) {
  short a = 533;
  int b = 6789;
  long c = 466438237;

  float d = a / 7.0f; /* d is 76.14286 */
  double e = b / 30.; /* e is 226.3 */
  double f = (double)c * 789; /* f is 368019768993.0 */
}

Compliant Solution (Conversion)

In this compliant solution, the decimal error in initialization is eliminated by first storing the integer in the floating-point variable and then performing the arithmetic operation. This practice ensures that at least one of the operands is a floating-point number and that the subsequent arithmetic operation is performed on floating-point operands.

void func(void) {
  short a = 533;
  int b = 6789;
  long c = 466438237;

  float d = a;
  double e = b;
  double f = c;

  d /= 7; /* d is 76.14286 */
  e /= 30; /* e is 226.3 */
  f *= 789; /* f is 368019768993.0 */
}

Exceptions

FLP33FLP06-C-EX1EX0: It may be desirable to have the operation take place as integers before the conversion (obviating the need for a call to trunc(), for example). If this is the programmer's intention, it should be clearly documented to help future maintainers understand that this behavior is intentional.

Risk Assessment

Improper conversions between integers and floating-point values may yield unexpected results, especially loss of precision. Additionally, these unexpected results may actually involve overflow, or undefined behavior.

Automated Detection

...

The LDRA tool suite V 7.6.0 can detect violations of this rule.

Splint Version 3.1.1 can detect violations of this rule.

...

Tool	Version	Checker	Description
Astrée	Include Page Astrée_V Astrée_V		Supported: This rule aims to prevent truncations and overflows. All possible overflows are reported by Astrée.
Axivion Bauhaus Suite	Include Page Axivion Bauhaus Suite_V Axivion Bauhaus Suite_V	CertC-FLP06
CodeSonar	Include Page CodeSonar_V CodeSonar_V	LANG.TYPE.MOT	Mismatched operand types
Compass/ROSE			Can detect violations of this rule. Any assignment operation where the type of the assigned-to value is float or double, but all the expressions to the right of the assignment are integral, is a violation of this rule
Helix QAC	Include Page Helix QAC_V Helix QAC_V	C4117, C4118
LDRA tool suite	Include Page LDRA_V LDRA_V	435 S	Enhanced enforcement
Parasoft C/C++test	Include Page Parasoft_V Parasoft_V	CERT_C-FLP06-a CERT_C-FLP06-b	Implicit conversions from integral to floating type which may result in a loss of information shall not be used Implicit conversions from integral constant to floating type which may result in a loss of information shall not be used
PC-lint Plus	Include Page PC-lint Plus_V PC-lint Plus_V	653, 790, 942	Fully supported
Polyspace Bug Finder	Include Page Polyspace Bug Finder_V Polyspace Bug Finder_V	CERT C: Rec. FLP06-C	Checks for float overflow (rec. partially covered)
PVS-Studio	Include Page PVS-Studio_V PVS-Studio_V	V636
Splint	Include Page Splint_V Splint_V

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Other Languages

...

Related Guidelines

...

...

...

...

References

...

Bibliography

...

...

Image Added Image Added Image Addedpoint misbehavior" \[[ISO/IEC 9899:1999|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\] Section 5.2.4.2.2, "Characteristics of floating types <{{float.h}}>" \[[MITRE 07|AA. C References#MITRE 07]\] [CWE ID 681|http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/681.html], "Incorrect Conversion between Numeric Types," and [CWE ID 682|http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/682.html], "Incorrect Calculation"Image Removed      05. Floating Point (FLP)      FLP34-C. Ensure that floating point conversions are within range of the new type