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Similarly, before the lifetime of an object has started but after the storage which the object will occupy has been allocated or, after the lifetime of an object has ended and before the storage which the object occupied is reused or released, any glvalue that refers to the original object may be used but only in limited ways. For an object under construction or destruction, see 12.7. Otherwise, such a glvalue refers to allocated storage, and using the properties of the glvalue that do not depend on its value is well-defined. The program has undefined behavior if:
— an lvalue-to-rvalue conversion is applied to such a glvalue,
— the glvalue is used to access a non-static data member or call a non-static member function of the object, or
— the glvalue is bound to a reference to a virtual base class, or
— the glvalue is used as the operand of a dynamic_cast or as the operand of typeid.

Do not use an object outside of its lifetime, except in the ways described above as being well-defined.

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Tool

Version

Checker

Description

Astrée

Include Page

	Astrée_V
	Astrée_V

return-reference-local
dangling_pointer_use

Partially checked

Clang

Include Page

	Clang_V
	Clang_V

-Wdangling-initializer-list

Catches some lifetime issues related to incorrect use of std::initializer_list<>

CodeSonar

Include Page

	CodeSonar_V
	CodeSonar_V

IO.UAC
ALLOC.UAF

Use after close
Use after free

Helix QAC

Include Page

	Helix QAC_V
	Helix QAC_V

C++4003, C++4026

DF2812, DF2813, DF2814, DF2930, DF2931, DF2932, DF2933, DF2934,

Klocwork

Include Page

	Klocwork_V
	Klocwork_V

CL.FFM.ASSIGN
CL.FFM.COPY
LOCRET.ARG
LOCRET.GLOB
LOCRET.RET
UFM.DEREF.MIGHT
UFM.DEREF.MUST
UFM.FFM.MIGHT
UFM.FFM.MUST
UFM.RETURN.MIGHT
UFM.RETURN.MUST
UFM.USE.MIGHT
UFM.USE.MUST
UNINIT.HEAP.MIGHT
UNINIT.HEAP.MUST
UNINIT.STACK.ARRAY.MIGHT
UNINIT.STACK.ARRAY.MUST
UNINIT.STACK.ARRAY.PARTIAL.MUST
UNINIT.STACK.MIGHT
UNINIT.STACK.MUST

LDRA tool suite

Include Page

	LDRA_V
	LDRA_V

42 D, 53 D, 77 D, 1 J, 71 S, 565 S

Partially implemented

Parasoft C/C++test

Include Page

	Parasoft_V
	Parasoft_V

CERT_CPP-EXP54-a
CERT_CPP-EXP54-b
CERT_CPP-EXP54-c

Do not use resources that have been freed
The address of an object with automatic storage shall not be returned from a function
The address of an object with automatic storage shall not be assigned to another object that may persist after the first object has ceased to exist

Parasoft Insure++ Runtime detection

Polyspace Bug Finder

Include Page