Strings are a fundamental concept in software engineering, but they are not a built-in type in C. Null-terminated byte strings (NTBS) consist of a contiguous sequence of characters terminated by and including the first null character and are supported in C as the format used for string literals. The C programming language supports single-byte character strings, multibyte character strings, and wide-character strings. Single-byte and multibyte character strings are both described as null-terminated byte strings, which are also called narrow character strings.

A pointer to a null-terminated byte string points to its initial character. The length of the string is the number of bytes preceding the null character, and the value of the string is the sequence of the values of the contained characters, in order.

A wide string is a contiguous sequence of wide characters (of type wchar_t) terminated by and including the first null wide character. A pointer to a wide string points to its initial (lowest addressed) wide character. The length of a wide string is the number of wide characters preceding the null wide character, and the value of a wide string is the sequence of code values of the contained wide characters, in order.

Null-terminated byte strings are implemented as arrays of characters and are susceptible to the same problems as arrays. As a result, rules and recommendations for arrays should also be applied to null-terminated byte strings.

The C Standard uses the following philosophy for choosing character types, though it is not explicitly stated in one place:

signed char and unsigned char

• Suitable for small integer values

"Plain" char

• The type of each element of a string literal
• Used for character data from a limited character set (where signedness has little meaning) as opposed to integer data

int

• Used for data that can be either EOF (a negative value) or character data interpreted as unsigned char and then converted to int. As a result, it is returned by fgetc(), getc(), getchar(), and ungetc(). Also, accepted by the character-handling functions from <ctype.h> because they might be passed the result of fgetc(), and so on
• The type of a character constant; its value is that of a plain char converted to int

Note that the two different ways a character is used as an int (as an unsigned char + EOF or as a plain char converted to int) can lead to confusion. For example, isspace('\200') results in undefined behavior when char is signed.

unsigned char

• Used internally for string comparison functions even though these functions operate on character data; consequently, the result of a string comparison does not depend on whether plain char is signed
• Used when the object being manipulated might be of any type, and it is necessary to access all bits of that object, as with fwrite()

Unlike other integer types, unsigned char has the unique property that

values stored in . . . objects of type unsigned char shall be represented using a pure binary notation (C Standard, subclause 6.2.6.1 [ISO/IEC 9899:2011])

where a pure binary notation is defined as the following:

A positional representation for integers that uses the binary digits 0 and 1, in which the values represented by successive bits are additive, begin with 1, and are multiplied by successive integral powers of 2, except perhaps the bit with the highest position. A byte contains CHAR_BIT bits, and the values of type unsigned char range from 0 to 2 ^CHAR_BIT − 1. (subclause 6.2.6, footnote 49)

That is, objects of type unsigned char may have no padding bits and consequently no trap representation. As a result, non-bit-field objects of any type may be copied into an array of unsigned char (for example, via memcpy()) and have their representation examined one byte at a time.

wchar_t

• Wide characters are used for natural-language character data

Risk Assessment

Understanding how to represent characters and character strings can eliminate many common programming errors that lead to software vulnerabilities.

Automated Detection

Tool	Version	Checker	Description
Astrée			Supported indirectly via MISRA C:2004 rule 6.1 and MISRA C:2012 rule 10.1.
CodeSonar		MISC.NEGCHAR	Negative Character Value
Helix QAC		C0634, C0635, C1292, C1293, C1810, C1811, C1812, C1813, C1814, C2151, C4010, C4011, C4063, C4064, C4065, C4310, C4312, C4315, C4401, C4410, C4412, C4413, C4414, C4415, C4421, C4431, C4441, C4451, C4510, C4511, C4512, C4513, C4514, C4517, C4518, C4519, C4580, C4581, C4582, C4583, C4584, C4585, C4586 DF2806, DF2807, DF2808, DF2816, DF2817, DF2818
LDRA tool suite		329 S, 432 S	Fully implemented
Parasoft C/C++test		CERT_C-STR00-a	The plain char type shall be used only for the storage and use of character values
RuleChecker			Supported indirectly via MISRA C:2004 rule 6.1 and MISRA C:2012 rule 10.1.
SonarQube C/C++ Plugin		S810

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Related Guidelines

Bibliography