Code that is never executed is known as dead code. Typically, the presence of dead code indicates that a logic error has occurred as a result of changes to a program or the program's environment. Dead code is usually optimized out of a program during compilation. However, to improve readability and ensure that logic errors are resolved, dead code should be identified, understood, and eliminated.

This recommendation is related to MSC12-C. Detect and remove code that has no effect or is never executed.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example demonstrates how dead code can be introduced into a program [Fortify 2006]. The second conditional statement, if (s), will never evaluate true because it requires that s not be assigned NULL, and the only path where s can be assigned a non-null value ends with a return statement.

int func(int condition) {
    char *s = NULL;
    if (condition) {
        s = (char *)malloc(10);
        if (s == NULL) {
           /* Handle Error */
        }
        /* Process s */
        return 0;
    }
    /* ... */
    if (s) {
        /* This code is never reached */
    }
    return 0;
}

Compliant Solution

Remediation of dead code requires the programmer to determine why the code is never executed and then to resolve the situation appropriately. To correct the preceding noncompliant code, the return is removed from the body of the first conditional statement.

int func(int condition) {
    char *s = NULL;
    if (condition) {
        s = (char *)malloc(10);
        if (s == NULL) {
           /* Handle error */
        }
        /* Process s */
    }
    /* ... */
    if (s) {
        /* This code is now reachable */
    }
    return 0;
}

Noncompliant Code Example

In this example, the strlen() function is used to limit the number of times the function s_loop() will iterate. The conditional statement inside the loop evaluates to true when the current character in the string is the null terminator. However, because strlen() returns the number of characters that precede the null terminator, the conditional statement never evaluates true.

int s_loop(char *s) {
    size_t i;
    size_t len = strlen(s);
    for (i=0; i < len; i++) {
        /* ... */
	  if (s[i] == '\0') {
	    /* This code is never reached */
      }
    }
    return 0;
}

Compliant Solution

Removing the dead code depends on the intent of the programmer. Assuming the intent is to flag and process the last character before the null terminator, the conditional is adjusted to correctly determine if the i refers to the index of the last character before the null terminator.

int s_loop(char *s) {
    size_t i;
    size_t len = strlen(s);
    for (i=0; i < len; i++) {
        /* ... */
	  if (s[i+1] == '\0') {
	    /* This code is now reached */
      }
    }
    return 0;
}

Exceptions

MSC07-C-EX1: In some situations, seemingly dead code may make software resilient. An example is the default label in a switch statement whose controlling expression has an enumerated type and that specifies labels for all enumerations of the type. (See MSC01-C. Strive for logical completeness.) Because valid values of an enumerated type include all those of its underlying integer type, unless enumeration constants are provided for all those values, the default label is appropriate and necessary.

typedef enum { Red, Green, Blue } Color;
const char* f(Color c) {
  switch (c) {
    case Red: return "Red";
    case Green: return "Green";
    case Blue: return "Blue";
    default: return "Unknown color";   /* Not dead code */
  }
}

void g() {
  Color unknown = (Color)123;
  puts(f(unknown));
}

MSC07-EX2: It is also permissible to temporarily remove code that may be needed later. (See MSC04-C. Use comments consistently and in a readable fashion for an illustration.)

Risk Assessment

The presence of dead code may indicate logic errors that can lead to unintended program behavior. The ways in which dead code can be introduced into a program and the effort required to remove it can be complex. As a result, resolving dead code can be an in-depth process requiring significant analysis.

Automated Detection

Tool	Version	Checker	Description
Astrée		dead-assignemnt dead-initializer	Partially checked and soundly supported.
CodeSonar		DIAG.UNEX.* LANG.STRUCT.RC LANG.STRUCT.UC	Code not exercised by analysis Redundant condition Unreachable {Call, Computation, Conditional, Control Flow, Data Flow}
Coverity		DEADCODE UNREACHABLE	Can detect the specific instance where code can never be reached because of a logical contradiction or a dead "default" in switch statement Can detect the instances where code block is unreachable because of the syntactic structure of the code
GCC			Can detect violations of this recommendation when the -Wunreachable-code flag is used
Helix QAC		C1501, C1503, C2008, C2877, C2880, C2881, C2882, C2883,C3202, C3203, C3205, C3206, C3207, C3210, C3219, C3229, C3404, C3422, C3423, C3425, C3470 DF2877, DF2880, DF2881, DF2882, DF2883, DF2980, DF2981, DF2982, DF2983, DF2984, DF2985, DF2986
Klocwork		LA_UNUSED UNREACH.GEN UNREACH.RETURN UNREACH.SIZEOF UNREACH.ENUM INVARIANT_CONDITION.UNREACH
LDRA tool suite		1 J 139 S 140 S	Fully implemented
Parasoft C/C++test		CERT_C-MSC07-a CERT_C-MSC07-b CERT_C-MSC07-c CERT_C-MSC07-d CERT_C-MSC07-e CERT_C-MSC07-f CERT_C-MSC07-g CERT_C-MSC07-h CERT_C-MSC07-i	There shall be no unreachable code in "else" block There shall be no unreachable code after 'return', 'break', 'continue', and 'goto' statements There shall be no unreachable code in "if/else/while/for" block There shall be no unreachable code in switch statement There shall be no unreachable code in 'for' loop There shall be no unreachable code after 'if' or 'switch' statement There shall be no unreachable code after "if" or "switch" statement inside while/for/do...while loop Avoid switch with unreachable branches Avoid unreachable methods
Polyspace Bug Finder		CERT C: Rule MSC07-C	Checks for: Code does not execute Default case is missing and may be reached Code following control-flow statements
RuleChecker		dead-assignemnt dead-initializer	Partially checked
SonarQube C/C++ Plugin		S1763, S1751
Splint			Can detect violations of this recommendation when the -Wunreachable-code flag is used

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

CVE-2014-1266 results from a violation of this rule. There is a spurious goto fail statement on line 631 of sslKeyExchange.c. This goto statement gets executed unconditionally, even though it is indented as if it were part of the preceding if statement. As a result, the call to sslRawVerify() (which would perform the actual signature verification) becomes dead code.  [ImperialViolet 2014]

Related Guidelines

Bibliography