Accessing or modifying shared objects in signal handlers can result in race conditions that can leave data in an inconsistent state. The two exceptions (C Standard, 5.1.2.3, paragraph 5) to this rule are the ability to read and write to lock-free atomic objects or to read from or write to variables of type volatile sig_atomic_t
. Accessing any other type of object from a signal handler is undefined behavior (see undefined behavior 131).
The need for the volatile
keyword is described in DCL22-C. Use volatile for data that cannot be cached.
The type sig_atomic_t
is the integer type of an object that can be accessed as an atomic entity even in the presence of asynchronous interrupts. The type of sig_atomic_t
is implementation-defined, though it provides some guarantees. Integer values ranging from SIG_ATOMIC_MIN
through SIG_ATOMIC_MAX
, inclusive, may be safely stored to a variable of the type. In addition, when sig_atomic_t
is a signed integer type, SIG_ATOMIC_MIN
must be no greater than −127
and SIG_ATOMIC_MAX
no less than 127
. Otherwise, SIG_ATOMIC_MIN
must be 0
and SIG_ATOMIC_MAX
must be no less than 255
. The macros SIG_ATOMIC_MIN
and SIG_ATOMIC_MAX
are defined in the header <stdint.h>
.
According to the C99 Rationale [C99 Rationale 2003], other than calling a limited, prescribed set of library functions,
the C89 Committee concluded that about the only thing a strictly conforming program can do in a signal handler is to assign a value to a
volatile static
variable which can be written uninterruptedly and promptly return.
However, this issue was discussed at the April 2008 meeting of ISO/IEC WG14, and it was agreed that there are no known implementations in which it would be an error to read a value from a volatile sig_atomic_t
variable, and the original intent of the committee was that both reading and writing variables of volatile sig_atomic_t
would be strictly conforming.
The signal handler may also call a handful of functions, including abort()
(see SIG30-C. Call only asynchronous-safe functions within signal handlers for more information).
Noncompliant Code Example
In this noncompliant code example, err_msg
is updated to indicate that the SIGINT
signal was delivered. The err_msg
variable is a character pointer and not a variable of type volatile sig_atomic_t
.
#include <signal.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> enum { MAX_MSG_SIZE = 24 }; char *err_msg; void handler(int signum) { strcpy(err_msg, "SIGINT encountered."); } int main(void) { signal(SIGINT, handler); err_msg = (char *)malloc(MAX_MSG_SIZE); if (err_msg == NULL) { /* Handle error */ } strcpy(err_msg, "No errors yet."); /* Main code loop */ return 0; }
Compliant Solution (Writing volatile sig_atomic_t
)
For maximum portability, signal handlers should only unconditionally set a variable of type volatile sig_atomic_t
and return, as in this compliant solution:
#include <signal.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> enum { MAX_MSG_SIZE = 24 }; volatile sig_atomic_t e_flag = 0; void handler(int signum) { e_flag = 1; } int main(void) { char *err_msg = (char *)malloc(MAX_MSG_SIZE); if (err_msg == NULL) { /* Handle error */ } signal(SIGINT, handler); strcpy(err_msg, "No errors yet."); /* Main code loop */ if (e_flag) { strcpy(err_msg, "SIGINT received."); } return 0; }
Compliant Solution (Lock-Free Atomic Access)
Signal handlers can refer to objects with static or thread storage duration that are lock-free atomic objects, as in this compliant solution:
#include <signal.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdatomic.h> #if __STDC_NO_ATOMICS__ == 1 #error "Atomics is not supported" #elif ATOMIC_INT_LOCK_FREE == 0 #error "int is never lock-free" #endif atomic_int e_flag = ATOMIC_VAR_INIT(0); void handler(int signum) { eflag = 1; } int main(void) { enum { MAX_MSG_SIZE = 24 }; char err_msg[MAX_MSG_SIZE]; #if ATOMIC_INT_LOCK_FREE == 1 if (!atomic_is_lock_free(&e_flag)) { return EXIT_FAILURE; } #endif if (signal(SIGINT, handler) == SIG_ERR) { return EXIT_FAILURE; } strcpy(err_msg, "No errors yet."); /* Main code loop */ if (e_flag) { strcpy(err_msg, "SIGINT received."); } return EXIT_SUCCESS; }
Exceptions
SIG31-C-EX1: The C Standard, 7.14.1.1 paragraph 5 [ISO/IEC 9899:2011], makes a special exception for errno
when a valid call to the signal()
function results in a SIG_ERR
return, allowing errno
to take an indeterminate value (see ERR32-C. Do not rely on indeterminate values of errno).
Risk Assessment
Accessing or modifying shared objects in signal handlers can result in accessing data in an inconsistent state. Michal Zalewski's paper "Delivering Signals for Fun and Profit" [Zalewski 2001] provides some examples of vulnerabilities that can result from violating this and other signal-handling rules.
Rule | Severity | Likelihood | Remediation Cost | Priority | Level |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SIG31-C | High | Likely | High | P9 | L2 |
Automated Detection
Tool | Version | Checker | Description |
---|---|---|---|
CodeSonar | 8.1p0 | CONCURRENCY.DATARACE | Data race |
|
| Can detect violations of this rule for single-file programs | |
9.7.1 | 87 D | Fully implemented |
Related Vulnerabilities
Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.
Related Guidelines
ISO/IEC TS 17961:2013 | Accessing shared objects in signal handlers [accsig] |
MITRE CWE | CWE-662, Improper Synchronization |
Bibliography
[C99 Rationale 2003] | 5.2.3, "Signals and Interrupts" |
[ISO/IEC 9899:2011] | Subclause 7.14.1.1, "The signal Function" |
[Zalewski 2001] |